Zvichienderana nenhoroondo yeUS Banking indasitiri, ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemukweretesi wemba nebhangi rezvitoro?
11/21/2022
Nhoroondo yeUS Banking
Muna 1838, United States yakadzika iyo Free Banking Act, iyo yakabvumira kusununguka kwekusununguka kwekutanga kwezvemari.
Panguva iyoyo, chero munhu ane $100,000 aigona kuvhura bhangi.
Indasitiri yebhangi yakabvumira mabhizimisi akavhengana, mabhanga ezvokutengeserana aigona kubata mari yezvikwereti, asi akabatanidzwawo mubhangi rekutsvaga mari uye inishuwarenzi, zvichireva kuti mabhanga haana kungotora mari kubva kune vanoisa mari, asi akatorawo mari yevanoisa mari kuti vaite mari ine ngozi.
Nekudaro, huwandu hwemabhangi eUS hwakakura nekukurumidza, kukwezvwa nekusununguka kwekupinda zvinodiwa uye mabhenefiti makuru.
Nekudaro, nekukurumidza kusimudzira kwechikamu chebhangi, kushaikwa kwemayunifomu zviyero uye manejimendi zvakakonzera mhirizhonga muchikamu chebhangi.
Munguva yeKuderera Kukuru Kwehupfumi muna 1929, apo mabhanga akashandisa mari yevanochengetera mari zvisina tsarukano pakudyara zvine njodzi, kudonha kwemusika wemasheya weUS kwakatanga kumhanya kumabhanga, uye mabhanga anopfuura zviuru zvipfumbamwe akakundikana mukati memakore matatu - kushanda kwakasanganiswa kunoonekwa sechinhu chikuru. mukukonzera Kuderera Kukuru.
Muna 1933, Congress yakagadza Glass-Steagall Act, iyo yairambidza kushandiswa kwakavhenganiswa nemabhangi uye yakanyatsoparadzanisa mashandiro emabhangi ekudyara nemabhanga ekutengesa, zvichireva kuti mari inotorwa nemabhanga ekutengesa inogona kungove ine njodzi yakaderera.
JP Morgan Bank sezvatinoziva yaifanirawo kupatsanurwa kuita JP Morgan Bank neMorgan Stanley Investment Bank panguva iyoyo.
Panguva ino, chikamu chebhangi reAmerica chakapinda muchikamu chekuparadzana.
Munguva iyi, indasitiri yebhangi yakashanda bhizinesi rakabatana, uye zvese chiyero chebhizinesi nekukura kwebhizinesi zvakamanikidzwa kune imwe nhanho.
Muna Zvita 1999, iyo Financial Services Modernization Act yakadzikwa muUS, ichibvisa miganhu pakati pemabhangi, masangano ekuchengetedza uye masangano einishuwarenzi maererano nehukuru hwebhizinesi, ichipedza makore anoda kusvika makumi manomwe ekuparadzana.
"Hupenyu hwekare" hwezvikwereti
Pakutanga, zvikwereti zvembatya zvaive zvakanyanya Balloon Payment zvikwereti munguva pfupi kana yepakati.
Nekudaro, zvikwereti izvi zvaive zvakanyanya nehanya nekuchinja kwemitengo yedzimba, uye apo Kuderera Kukuru kwakatanga, mitengo yedzimba yakaramba ichidonha uye mabhanga akatarisana nechikwereti chakashata, achigadzira kutenderera kwakashata kwakazoita kuti vagari varasikirwe nedzimba dzavo uye nhamba huru ye mabhanga ari kubhuroka.
Mushure medambudziko, kuitira kukurudzira hupfumi uye kugadzirisa dambudziko redzimba revagari, United States yakatanga kubatsira vagari kuti vawane zvikwereti zvembavha nenzira yevimbiso yehurumende.
Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA kana Fannie Mae) yakavambwa muna 1938 kunyanya kutenga zvikwereti zvakavimbiswa neFederal Housing Administration (FHA) uye Veterans Administration (VA) ndokutanga kutenga zvisiri zvehurumende zvakavimbiswa zvemonji muna 1972.
Panguva iyoyo, musika wemortgage yese waive uchiri kusashanda zvakanyanya, uye nekutarisana neyakaganhurwa, mabhanga ekudyara zvishoma nezvishoma akawana kuti kuburikidza neasset securitization, vaigona kukanganisa imwe yekugara yemortgage chikwereti nemari yakawanda muhuwandu hukuru. zvisungo zvezvidiki zvidiki, izvo zvakavandudza zvakanyanya liquidity.
Naizvozvo, muna 1970, hurumende yakagadzira iyo Federal Home Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC kana Freddie Mac) kuti igadzirise zvizere musika wechipiri wezvivakwa zvemba.
Kusikwa kwaFreddie Mac kwakanangana nekusimudzirwa kwemusika wechipiri wezvivakwa zvekugara uye kwakapa kuenderera mberi kwekuchengetedza mbavha.
Musiyano pakati peMortgage Lender neRetail Bank
Kana mukwereti achifunga kukumbira chikwereti chemba, nzira mbiri dzinonyanyozivikanwa ndedzekunanga kubhangi (Retail Bank) kana kumutengesi wemba (Mortgage Lender).
Bhangi rezvitoro (bhangi rekutengesa), kune rumwe rutivi, kazhinji ikambani yakasanganiswa inopa zvikwereti zvemba pamwe nemasevhisi emari akadai sekuchengetedza, makadhi echikwereti, zvikwereti zvemotokari, uye mari.
Kana munhu anokwereta anosvika kune rimwe bhangi, ivo vanongove nekuwana ruzivo rwebhangi uye masevhisi, uye masevhisi ebhangi anowanzo kuganhurirwa kune chikwereti pachayo, zvichiita kuti zviome kunyatsobatanidza kuoma kwehukama pakati pemba nechikwereti.
Nepo mubhadharo webhangi rezvitoro ungave wakadzikira, mukweretesi wembavha anowanzo kupa mamwe mabasa ehunyanzvi, mhinduro nekukurumidza, uye sarudzo yakakura yezvigadzirwa zvevateereri vakawanda.
Mortgage Mukweretesi anogona kupa vanokwereta mazano akazara uye ehunyanzvi ekiredhiti, kubatsira vaenzi kupindura mibvunzo yakaoma kunzwisisa pamusoro pezvikwereti uye mapotifoliyo emari, uye kuwana yakanakira mukwereti pakati pezvigadzirwa zvakawanda.
Izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti chinzvimbo chemukweretesi chinonyanya kufarirwa nevanokwereta, sezvo vaine zvimwe zvingasarudzwa uye mabhenefiti anobatika.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kutsvaga mukweretesi akanaka uye muvambi wechikwereti chemba anogona kuchengetedza mukwereti mari, nguva, uye kuwana ruzivo rwechigadzirwa chakanakisa kekutanga.
Chirevo: Ichi chinyorwa chakagadziridzwa neAAA LENDIS;mamwe emifananidzo akatorwa kubva kuInternet, nzvimbo yesaiti haina kumiririrwa uye haigone kudhindwa zvakare pasina mvumo.Pane njodzi mumusika uye mari inofanira kungwarira.Ichi chinyorwa hachiumbe zano rekudyara wega, uye haritarise zvinangwa zvekudyara, mamiriro emari kana zvinodiwa zvevashandisi vega.Vashandisi vanofanirwa kufunga kuti chero maonero, maonero kana mhedziso dzirimo dzirimo dzakaenderana nemamiriro avo ezvinhu.Isai mari zvinoenderana nenjodzi yenyu.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-22-2022